麻豆传媒色情片

While mitragynine, 7-hydroxymitragynine and a few dozen other alkaloids make up the bulk of the 57 phytochemicals that have been isolated from kratom leaves, the plants contain a panoply of currently unidentified compounds and metabolites.

“The average plant leaf is somewhere between 35,000 and 50,000 distinct phytochemicals, and we really can identify about 1,000 if we’re lucky,” says Susan Murch, a chemist at the University of British Columbia. “You’re looking at a minimum 34,000 unknowns. In your glass of merlot, you’re looking at 7,000 unknowns; in your cup of coffee, over about 6,800 unknowns.”

The leaf of Mitragyna speciosa contains at least 34,000 unknown phytochemicals.thorporre/Wikimedia Commons

Identifying these unknown compounds and mapping their enzymatic relationships to one another by use of mathematical equations is known as metabolomics; each study can take up to three to four years due to its scale. “You do a very small mass spec analysis, and then you spend a year mining data. It’s a massive bioinformatics program,” says Murch.

Murch recently published a literature review in the Journal of Ethnopharmacology that detailed the history and chemistry of kratom and its sister species in Western medical literature with Web of Science, Google Scholar, the Royal Museum for Central Africa, the Internet Archive, the Hathi Trust and the Biodiversity Heritage Library.

Murch and her collaborator Paula N. Brown are hoping to get a metabolomics study involving kratom up and going within the next few years. “There are no metabolomics studies out there that really are definitive in terms of the different varieties, the different strains, the different things people are using,” she says.

Identifying the thousands of unknown metabolites, or intermediary components, within kratom leaves will be essential to understanding how the plant products are differently processed by populations across the globe.

“Kratom is traditionally used by a fairly specific population of Vietnam, Thailand and Southeast Asia, and so we don’t know about its nutrigenomics effects,” says Murch. “Assuming that a population in Southeast Asia will respond the same as a population anywhere else in the world is a bit of a leap of faith.”